Built-in germanium lasers could make computer chips faster

ScienceDaily (Sep. 10, 2012) ? Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) researchers have investigated how they could make the semiconductor germanium emit laser light. As a laser material, germanium together with Silicon could form the basis for innovative computer chips in which information would be transferred partially in the form of light. This technology would revolutionise data streaming within chips and give a boost to the performance of electronics. The researchers have demonstrated that germanium must be put under strain by an external force in order to turn it into a laser material.

The decisive investigations were carried out by the scientists at the Swiss Light Source (SLS) at PSI and their results have recently appeared in the scientific journal Physical Review Letters. The research was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF).

In 1965, Gordon Moore proposed a law stating that the surface density of transistors in computer chips -- and consequently their computing power -- would double every two years. This law has proved to be valid since the beginning of the digital age; that is, since the introduction of the first integrated circuits for micro-processors, in 1960. However, in spite of the increasing number of transistors in computer chips, as well as other progress which has been made, the overall performance of processors has not been able to follow Moore's Law for the past decade, and specialists are now talking about 'Moore's Gap'. The reason for this is that modern chips have more cores -- individual processors -- that can only relatively slowly communicate with each other using current technology.

"Actually, we do know a way in which this gap can be closed. The key concept is "optical data transfer" between the different cores on the chip," explains Hans Sigg, a PSI scientist. "This means partially transferring information inside a chip with the aid of laser pulses, which would significantly speed up the information exchange." In order to do this, tiny lasers are needed which can be built into chips to send out light pulses. These, however, have so far not been available.

Tiny germanium lasers should make chips faster

Sigg's research team, together with colleagues from the ETH Zurich and the Politecnico di Milano, has now been able to demonstrate that germanium, under certain conditions, can function as a laser material. "Germanium lasers could make a break-through possible here, because germanium can be readily combined with Silicon, which is the basic material from which chips are made. Silicon itself cannot emit light and can hardly be combined with any available laser material," points out Sigg.

In their studies, which were performed at the Swiss Light Source (SLS) at PSI, the researchers investigated those properties of Germanium that are important for the generation of laser light, and compared them with those of currently available laser materials. "We stimulate the material by means of a powerful laser and simultaneously observe the changes occurring using infra-red radiation from the SLS," elucidates the doctoral student Peter Friedli, who carried out the decisive experiments together with scientist Lee Carroll. "To do this, we used the fact that these light pulses are only 100 picoseconds (i.e. 0.1 billionths of a second) long, allowing us to follow the relevant processes in the material; that is, the behaviour of electrons at different points in time."

Germanium must be deformed

"Our results are, on the one hand, encouraging, because germanium behaves similarly to traditional laser materials, and therefore the possibility of it emitting light cannot be excluded," says Sigg enthusiastically, "but with the limitation that the balance between amplification and loss is still so unfavourable in the germanium layers investigated so far that the material does not yet fulfil the condition for emitting laser light." But it has been demonstrated that this condition can be more closely approached the more the germanium is put under strain using an external force. The researchers hope to achieve the necessary conditions for the germanium in a follow-up project. For this, they will use a new technology that allows the strain to be greatly increased.

This research project has been supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF).

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI). The original article was written by Paul Piwnicki.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal References:

  1. Lee Carroll, Peter Friedli, Stefan Neuenschwander, Hans Sigg, Stefano Cecchi, Fabio Isa, Daniel Chrastina, Giovanni Isella, Yuriy Fedoryshyn, J?r?me Faist. Direct-Gap Gain and Optical Absorption in Germanium Correlated to the Density of Photoexcited Carriers, Doping, and Strain. Physical Review Letters, 2012; 109 (5) DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.057402
  2. Lee Carroll, Peter Friedli, Philippe Lerch, Jo?rg Schneider, Daniel Treyer, Stephan Hunziker, Stefan Stutz, Hans Sigg. Ultra-broadband infrared pump-probe spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation and a tuneable pump. Review of Scientific Instruments, 2011; 82 (6): 063101 DOI: 10.1063/1.3592332

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/matter_energy/technology/~3/v0bRM60w2r0/120910082415.htm

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Retro Game Network | The New Retro Gaming Community ? RGN's ...

Welcome to the very first edition of Retro Game Network?s new weekly podcast, called ?Week In Review?! We all have busy lives, and sometimes you may have missed some of the great news that we have to offer. Well, fear no more! Our brand new news magazine very well could be your answer. Now, every Saturday night at 11PM Eastern Time, you will be able to absorb an entire week of news and reviews in under 10 minutes! This is still a concept in progress, and there will be a lot of improvements made over the next few weeks. This is just one way that we are looking into the future, by adding original audio and visual content on a regular basis. Again, please bare with us. This is a work in progress, only to get better!

Production #1 ? News Period 9/2/2012 to 9/8/2012 ? Record Date 9/8/2012

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Source: http://plr-mrr-products.com/?p=13353

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There Are Many Different Military Jobs, Let's Look At Some Of Them ...

The military is more than an employer, it is an institution that has been popular for many years. The military being so big, they also have many different military jobs. Before you decide to join the military, in fact, you need to consider the different jobs that are out there. Before you decide on which Military Jobs are of interest to you, you need to decide which branch of the military you are interested in. The different branches of the military are the National Guard and Air National Guard, the Marine Corps, the Navy, the Army, the Coast Guard and the Air Force. It is best to first learn about these different areas before you choose to enlist, so you know where you stand. The National Guard is an area of particular interest, which we will describe more in detail below. Whether or not the National Guard is for you is your personal decision, but if you are up for a challenge, this may be the one for you.

The National Guard is a unique institution. A member of the National Guard can be deployed anywhere in the world if needed. However, what makes them different is that they are mainly responsible for the domestic security. Soldiers in the Guard use all the same equipment as any other member of the US Army. Some of the equipment that is used includes heavy-duty equipment, tanks, missile systems, assault vehicles, helicopters and artillery. This goes some way towards showing what sort of skills and experience a Guard needs to have.

At present, each of the fifty states has a unit of the National Guard. The governor of the state is able to deploy the guard when needed. The Military may be required after natural disasters, for instance. Besides natural disasters, they also respond to riots and any other type of disturbance. If a global catastrophe or crisis were to occur, the President has the power to send the Guard to international locations. As you can see, this is one of the most varied types of military jobs. The chances of going abroad are reasonably slim, but this offers an attraction for many people. For them, protecting the homeland is actually the most important job they could have. However, just because the chances are slim, they are not nonexistent, particularly when considering we have had a number of global catastrophes lately. If you want a job where you can protect your country and be on call when needed, the National Guard may be for you. Plus, it is only in the Guard that you only have to give one weekend a month and two weeks of your summer in time.


Tags: military, Military Jobs, US Army

Source: http://newsandsociety.woodriverhall.com/uncategorized/there-are-many-different-military-jobs-lets-look-at-some-of-them/

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Computers and Technology: Hardware Article Category | Mana ...

Geographic Profiling: One More Way Computers May Help Solve Crimes.

If you are running or managing any type of business or not for profit organization, data backup and recovery is one of your most important protective activities. Over ten thousand businesses per year have become victims of computer crashes and data losses due to either no backup and/or nor recovery plan, or implementing a data recovery plan, which is totally not effective for your business needs. Loss of your important records or files may result in loss of business, possible penalties and fines from regulators or even loss of your reputation, which you have spent many years in building for your organization. Businesses who lose data are often thought of as being disorganized in today's information technology environment. A good data backup plan will prevent this kind of accident from happening to you or your business.

Microsoft Windows Server is a popular operating system used by approximately 84% of businesses and non-profit entities operating in the United States. Microsoft Servers will allow a secure and completely functional I.T. environment to be established and maintained by your organization. Windows Server's contain a key feature for backing up your data, which is the ability to store and manage vast numbers of files, documents and folders. Obviously, backing up these files containing your valuable data, that is stored in your system is essential to the operation of your organization or company. Windows Server comes installed with a Backup Utility that works with a variety of tape backup devices, including the DDS tape auto loader. These backup devices require media back up tape, which can be purchased from your online office supply store.

One example includes the tar program, which is used for backup data on tape devices. The tape library device, known as an auto loader, allows you to access and store data on tapes using only one tape drive. The auto loader tape storage devices use the tar utility for backup purposes and to preserve rarely used data in your computer system. The tar program includes options to compress, make a catalog of files on a tape and create multi-tape archives.

The media has been promoting storage of your data files on the cloud. The cloud may be an excellent option for some aspects of your business, however you may want to keep some important records on back up tape, simply for the reason of having access and physical control.

A student's choice of technological innovation levels at the bachelor's level might include anything from it to activity art and style. Mt. Sierra Higher education in Monrovia Caliph alone provides bachelor level programs in media arts & style with a choice of levels in graphics activity art and style, visual effects and digital video or multimedia arts and style. Mt. Sierra also provides it levels with levels in telecommunications technological innovation, details security and PC it. West wood Higher education, which has locations in California Colorado Georgia Illinois Texas and Virginia provides bachelors levels in activity development significant system management and more An article in the March 2009 edition of Network World reported on the debate as to whether company or it skills were more important as far as the country's competitiveness. At the Cardiff Business Institution in Lower Burr ell Pa for example, learners can work toward a bachelor's level in company that emphasizes microcomputer programs or bookkeeping and PC program.

Computer Technology Degree Graduates See Career Boom

The Cardiff Business Institution also provides a level in company details and technological innovation program application and programming. Where the microcomputer programs program is designed to prepare learners for professions as details and program specialist's techniques operators, program consultants, data entry PC sales and more the bookkeeping and PC program offering can prepare learners for professions that include account managers internal auditors bookkeeping payroll specialists public cost and tax accountants according to the Cardiff Business Institution website. Students at other institutions might instead opt for technological innovation those under 18 rather than technological innovation levels. Institutions such as West Virginia Wesleyan Higher education in Buchanan

Val offer opportunities to significant in it or PC details technology as well as to choose a it minor. Northwestern Higher education in St. Paul Minn. provides PC computer and management PC those under 18. Nova South eastern University in Fort Lauder dale, Fla., also provides technological innovation those under 18. Nova Southeaster's it minor according to the institution can be combined with almost any significant except for those such as PC computer, it. With degrees in these areas, learners might find work in in-de

One of the most reliable degrees job-wise is it. Use your it level to create new program and programs for companies and situations of all kinds - become a programs designer. In it you will manage and control everything involving programs, database techniques hardware and programming. For learners working toward technological innovation levels, the future career outlook seems bright. The Institution of Labor Statistics anticipates fast career growth within the industry. Some technological innovation jobs might offer more opportunities than others. The Institution of Labor Statistics (BS) includes 12 wide-ranging categories for technological innovation occupations the Association for Computing Machinery notes. Within these categories can be several different professions for which learners working toward technological innovation levels might train. Some of the greatest career growth might be enjoyed by programs engineers system techniques and data communications analyst's paces staff and those involved with paces program and programs details from the Institution shows.

A student's choice of technological innovation levels at the bachelor's level might include anything from it to activity art and style. Mt. Sierra Higher education in Monrovia Caliph alone provides bachelor level programs in media arts & style with a choice of levels in graphics activity art and style, visual effects and digital video or multimedia arts and style. Mt. Sierra also provides it levels with levels in telecommunications technological innovation, details security and PC it. West wood Higher education, which has locations in California Colorado Georgia Illinois Texas and Virginia provides bachelors levels in activity development significant system management and more An article in the March 2009 edition of Network World reported on the debate as to whether company or it skills were more important as far as the country's competitiveness. At the Cardiff Business Institution in Lower Burr ell Pa for example, learners can work toward a bachelor's level in company that emphasizes microcomputer programs or bookkeeping and PC program.

The Cardiff Business Institution also provides a level in company details and technological innovation program application and programming. Where the microcomputer programs program is designed to prepare learners for professions as details and program specialist's techniques operators, program consultants, data entry PC sales and more the bookkeeping and PC program offering can prepare learners for professions that include account managers internal auditors bookkeeping payroll specialists public cost and tax accountants according to the Cardiff Business Institution website. Students at other institutions might instead opt for technological innovation those under 18 rather than technological innovation levels. Institutions such as West Virginia Wesleyan Higher education in Buchanan

Val offer opportunities to significant in it or PC details technology as well as to choose a it minor. Northwestern Higher education in St. Paul Minn. provides PC computer and management PC those under 18. Nova South eastern University in Fort Lauder dale, Fla., also provides technological innovation those under 18. Nova Southeaster's it minor according to the institution can be combined with almost any significant except for those such as PC computer, it. With degrees in these areas, learners might find work in in-demand fields such as system and system staff, PC engineers and more, details from the Nova South eastern University web site shows

Every time the headlines are full of the latest Cyber Crime or malware Scare story such as the Flame virus, the need to review the security standards employed by your organization takes on a new level of urgency.

The Advanced Persistent threat differs from a regular hack or Trojan attack in that it is as the name suggests, advanced in technology and technique, and persistent, in that it is typically a sustained theft of data over many months.

So far the APT has largely been viewed as Government sponsored cyber-espionage in terms of the resources needed to orchestrate such an attack, such as the recent Flame malware which appears to have been a US or Israeli backed espionage initiative against Iran. However you always see the leading edge of technology become the norm a year later, so expect to see APT attacks reach the more mainstream, competitor-backed industrial espionage, and 'hacktivist' groups like Lulzsec and Anonymous adopting similar approaches.

The common vector for these attacks is a targeted spear phishing infiltration of the organization. Using Facebook, LinkedIn or other social media makes identification of targets much easier today, and also what kind of phishing 'bait' is going to be most effective in duping the target into providing the all-important welcoming click on the tasty links or downloads offered.

Phishing is already a well-established tool for Organized Crime gangs who will utilize these same profiled spear phishing techniques to steal data. As an interesting aside regarding organized crimes' usage of 'cybermuscle', it is reported that prices for botnets are plummeting at the moment due to oversupply of available robot networks. If you want to coerce an organization with a threat of disabling their web presence, arm yourself with a global botnet and point it at their site - DDOS attacks are easier than ever to orchestrate.

Something Must Be Done...

To be clear on what we are saying here, it isn't that AV or firewalls are no use, far from it. But the APT style of threat will evade both by design and this is the first fact to acknowledge - like the first step for a recovering alcoholic the first step is to admit you have a problem!

By definition, this kind of attack is the most dangerous because any attack that is smart enough to skip past standard defense measures is definitely going to be one that is backed by a serious intent to damage your organization (note: don't think that APT technology is therefore only an issue for blue chip organizations - that may have been the case but now that the concepts and architecture of the APT is in the mainstream, the wider hacker and hacktivist communities will already have engineered their own interpretations of the APT)

So the second fact to take on board is that there is an 'art' to delivering effective security and that requires a continuous effort to follow process and cross-check that security measures are working effectively.

The good news is that it is possible to automate the cross-checks and vigilance we have identified a need for, and in fact there are already two key technologies designed to detect abnormal occurrences within systems and to verify that security best practices are being operated.

File Integrity Monitoring and SIEM - Why Layered Security Is Essential to Combat the APT

File Integrity Monitoring or FIM serves to record any changes to the file system i.e. core operating system files or program components, and the systems' configuration settings i.e. user accounts, password policy, services, installed software, management and monitoring functions, registry keys and registry values, running processes and security policy settings for audit policy settings, user rights assignment and security options. FIM is designed to both verify that a device remains hardened and free of vulnerabilities at all time, and that the filesystem remains free of any malware.?

Therefore even if some form of APT malware manages to infiltrate a critical server, well implemented FIM will detect file system changes before any rootkit protective measures that may be employed by the malware can kick in.

Likewise SIEM, or Security Information and Event Management, systems are designed to gather and analyze all system audit trails/event logs and correlate these with other security information to present a true picture of whether anything unusual and potentially security threatening is happening.

It is telling that widely adopted and practiced security standards such as the PCI DSS place these elements at their core as a means of maintaining system security and verifying that key processes like Change Management are being observed.

At the core of any comprehensive security standard is the concept of layered security - firewalling, IPS, AV, patching, hardening, DLP, tokenization, secure application development and data encryption, all governed by documented change control procedures and underpinned by audit trail analysis and file integrity monitoring. Even then with standards like the PCI DSS there is a mandated requirement for Pen Testing and Vulnerability Scanning as further checks and balances that security is being maintained.

Summary

In summary, your security policy should be built around the philosophy that technology helps secure your organizations' data, but that nothing can be taken for granted. Only by practicing continuous surveillance of system activity can you truly maintain data security, very much the essence of the Art of Layered Security.

Basics of Digital Forensics and Evidence

NNT is a leading provider of general Security and PCI DSS Compliance solutions. As both a PCI DSS Compliance Software Manufacturer and Security Services Provider, we are firmly focused on helping organisations protect their sensitive data against security threats and network breaches in the most efficient and cost effective manner.

NNT solutions are straightforward to use and offer exceptional value for money, making it easy and affordable for organisations of any size to achieve and retain compliance at all times. Each product has the guidelines of the PCI DSS at its core, which can then be tailored to suit any internal best practice or external compliance initiative.

The science of forensics is essentially the study of legal issues and pursuit of answers to legal questions by applying scientific knowledge using technology. There are two specific cases where legal system becomes involved are; first, is when a private party, such as a business, requires facts to support a civil action like a lawsuit. The second instance occurs when a crime is suspected or has been committed. Now, in both cases, a forensics investigator, or rather a practitioner of forensic science must check the current available resources to find facts that are supported by the available resources. And more so, the facts help answer the questions expected or asked by the legal system.

Forensics Investigations

There are differences between investigations initiated within the private business sector differ much from investigations initiated by public officials for criminal investigations. The most significant difference is the potential impact from the investigation. Private sector investigations potentially result in any or all the following events:

The loss/gain of money or goods

The loss or retention of employment

Potential disciplinary actions

Criminal charges

The most frequent cause for an investigation in the public sector is criminal activity which has the potential to incarcerate private citizens. In very few cases, a public investigation will involve the liability of public officials in issues involving public safety and these investigations can result in the loss of public taxpayer funds, or may influence new legislation. Since most public investigations involve crimes and the criminals that commit them, the term public investigation will be used synonymously with criminal investigation in the rest of the text.

The monetary costs associated with legal action are notable motivators for forensics in investigations. In public investigations, prosecution can take years and cost millions of taxpayer dollars in court costs. Suspects in the prosecution must legal defense which comes at a cost and, even if ultimately proven innocent, defendants in legal cases may suffer loss of reputation and employment. If the prosecution fails to successfully convict, the suspect entitled to restitution for losses to reputation or wages. To make matters worse, the suspect will likely have to pursue a private legal action to recoup damages which result in yet more costs.

Legal actions in the private sector are not exempt from monetary motivators. Private sector legal action can extend over several years and cost millions in private funds. Besides the potential monetary costs, private sector cases often bear a high cost in time and inconvenience for all participants.The likelihood of successful legal action whether it be private or public increases substantially as the confidence level in the facts of the investigation increase.

For example, private sector cases are often examining facts to assess if a company policy or employment contract violated. With very few exceptions, public sector investigations that involve law enforcement such as investigations that result from a crime occurring or in cases where a crime is suspected to have occurred.

Private investigations have the potential of revealing criminal activity. Though the technology and tools for gathering facts are the same or similar in private and public sector cases, the procedure to gather the two will differ much. Even though they differ, the two rules are rarely incompatible; but do need agreement with all private parties including the forensics investigators, and private sector attorneys as well as local law enforcement and public attorneys to keep up confidence levels in the facts of the investigati.

Forensic investigators is trained to be a professionals who apply the science of forensics. They apply skills to many sciences and disciplines such as geology, physics, chemistry, toxicology and many more. Therefore, forensics can be defined as the application of diverse scientific disciplines to the answering of legal questions. The first function of a forensics investigator is to assess the legality and appropriateness of collecting evidence. The nature of investigations requires that evidence collection and analysis be performed in full compliance with the law. Both public and private investigations must respect the rights of private citizens.

Once probable cause is established, a call for is issued. With call for in hand, law enforcement is granted the right to search for only specific evidence of a crime but is allowed to collect any evidence in "plain sight" that is clear and telling that any crime has been committed.

Another function of the forensics investigator is to support an exact "chain of custody" of all evidence gathered in a case. The chain of custody is a simple record of what the evidence is who gathered it, when it was gathered, and who accessed it. An exact chain of custody is required to prevent contamination or even the appearance of contamination of the evidence. The chain of custody is equally important in both public and private investigations.

Evidence

Whether public or private, the facts of a case emerge from evidence in an investigation. Evidence is best defined as anything real or ephemeral that reveals and objectively proves the facts of an investigation. Evidence is generally used to prove the facts that a crime was committed; the suspect committed or did not commit a crime, the order of events during the commission of a crime, the motive:

The forms of the evidence can be either; blood evidence, material traced evidence, finger prints, private or personal records, public records, drug content, surveillance evidence, confession and testimony.

During an investigation, two very different roles emerge in the field of forensics. The first role is that of evidence collection. This role requires relatively limited experience, training, and qualifications. An investigator in this role will often travel to the scene of a crime or can be called to prepare evidence for the second role. The second role is that of evidence analysis. Here, evidence is reviewed, assessed, and analyzed for facts and conclusions.

Source: http://manaschoolsinfo.blogspot.com/2012/09/computers-and-technology-hardware.html

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FCC to begin testing and reporting mobile broadband performance

FCC to begin testing and reporting mobile broadband performance

Just like the FCC is looking to the public to help define modern broadband, it's similarly planning to arm citizens with more accurate information of mobile broadband speeds. The initiative is promoted as a natural extension of the Measuring Broadband America report, an annual publication of the FCC that currently only applies to wireline services. While still in the planning stages, the agency has already secured cooperation from CTIA and the major carriers. Come September 21st, the FCC will hold an open meeting to discuss the most appropriate methods for gathering and analyzing the data. It'll likely be a rather dry affair, but if you're really keen on attending, you'll find the complete details after the break.

Continue reading FCC to begin testing and reporting mobile broadband performance

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Source: http://www.engadget.com/2012/09/05/fcc-to-begin-testing-and-reporting-mobile-broadband-performance/

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Drinking Slimming Tea has a variety of benefits | Pu erh Tea Green

Drinking Slimming Tea has several different benefits, health care efficacy significant. But doctors say: excessive drinking tea especially heavy ? duty tea will rent it out the do you feel relating to iron losses cause anemia. The tea contains a multi functional large amount regarding tannic acid,a multi functional large number having to do with drinking tea, tannic acid and steel combining form a multi function with safety in mind relating to insoluble substances, obstacles to understand more about absorb steel So an all in one tea for more information about narrow down going to be the amount concerning tea,lightweight tea water, anemia patients especially don?t drink strong tea. Iron plus in fda regarding the existing form has many kinds,a kind having to do with animal food and drug administration as well as comes into the world with your heme steel,going to be the absorption rate is this 20%-25%; Another gorgeous honeymoons as well comes into the world and food and drug administration regarding plant as part of your heme iron,going to be the absorption rate relating to a lot fewer than 10%. Therefore,the human do you feel for additional details on absorb steel,or even to understand more about animal food The correct way having to do with drinking tea to learn more about achieve an ideal have an effect on green tea could possibly be the quintessence to do with Chinese civilization and the individual?s profit usually said rarely around having to do with the topic,lengthen life beauty for more information about raise the color antibacterial detoxification.

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Source: http://www.puerhteagreen.us/2012/09/drinking-slimming-tea-has-a-variety-of-benefits/

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Nikki Mascali Joins Auto Finance News Team

Auto Lending News Reports:

Auto Finance News and AutoFinanceNews.net are pleased to welcome?Nikki Mascali as associate editor. She?ll be posting regular blogs to the site and adding even more critical content to the publication.

Nikki joins the team from The Weekender, an award-winning weekly serving the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre, Pa., area. Nikki also served as senior copy writer and web editor at design company RAEast Inc. In her spare time, Nikki volunteers at the United Way and the American Red Cross.

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Nikki can be reached at 646-837-5955 or nmascali@royalmedia.com.

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Study: Brain disease deaths high in NFL veterans

NEW YORK (AP) ? A study of former NFL players finds they were unusually prone to dying from degenerative brain disease, the latest indication that repeated blows to the head may cause serious trouble later on.

The death rate from Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Lou Gehrig's disease combined was about three times what one would predict from the general population, researchers reported.

Prior research had suggested football players were unusually prone to those diseases, said lead researcher Everett Lehman of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, which is part of the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The study, reported online Wednesday in the journal Neurology, looked at death certificates.

It drew on a long-running study of more than 3,400 NFL players with at least five playing seasons in the league between 1959 and 1988. Some 334 had died by the end of 2007, the cutoff for being included in the study. Researchers compared their death rates from various causes to that of a comparable group of American men.

One or another of the three brain diseases was listed as the underlying cause of death in 10 cases, which is about three times the general rate for American men, the researchers reported.

Researchers noted that the study can't prove that the results were caused by football-related concussions, and that they may not apply to pro or amateur players who've played fewer than five years.

In recent years, much of the attention to brain problems in football players has focused on a condition known as CTE, which is traced to repeated head blows. The new study didn't look for CTE. It's not among the standard list of conditions the researchers used for classifying deaths, Lehman said.

But some of the brain disease deaths counted in the study may have actually come from misdiagnosed CTE, which stands for chronic traumatic encephalopathy, the researchers noted.

Dr. Robert Cantu, who co-directs a center that studies CTE at Boston University but did not participate in the new study, said the results are "not at all surprising." He agreed that some of the deaths could be misdiagnosed CTE, noting that the diagnosis requires a special chemical test of the brain after death.

Also on Wednesday, the NFL announced a donation of $30 million for medical research to the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, the fundraising arm of the NIH.

NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell said the research could benefit athletes and potential areas of study may include CTE, concussion management and treatment and disorders from later in life such as Alzheimer's.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/bbd825583c8542898e6fa7d440b9febc/Article_2012-09-05-NFL-Brain%20Disease/id-3651e3e1ffb743febd51f3e5dc7284a6

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